This article explores two critical concepts in foreign language teaching: language interference and the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH). Language interference occurs when a learner's native language (L1) influences their acquisition of a second language (L2), often leading to errors across phonological, grammatical, lexical, and morphological levels. The CAH, developed in the mid-20th century, provides a framework for predicting these errors by contrasting L1 and L2. While the strong version of the hypothesis claims that all errors can be predicted through contrastive analysis, the weak version allows for a more nuanced understanding that accounts for other factors in language learning. This article discusses the implications of these concepts for language teaching, highlighting how contrastive analysis can be used to improve pedagogy through error correction, curriculum design, and learner awareness. The limitations of the CAH are also addressed, emphasizing the need to integrate it with other approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of second language acquisition..

Maqalada diglossiya hám bilingvizm túsinigi,  interferenciya  hám onıń túrleri úyrenilgen.

In this article, the theories about the nature of light, the interference of light, its types, the state of coherence and monochromaticity, Jung's experiment are given and reviewed.

This article explores the concept of linguistic interference and its potential positive impacts on teaching English in schools. While traditionally viewed as a negative influence, interference from students' native languages can be leveraged to enhance the learning process. The article examines various studies and expert opinions to highlight how teachers can use linguistic interference as a pedagogical tool to improve comprehension, retention, and linguistic competence in English learners.

This article deals with the influence of the native language on learning a foreign language and overcoming its interfering aspects. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign methodological literature, the author identifies the following types of linguocultural interference: phonological, grammatical, lexical, syntactic and sociocultural. To overcome interference, a special set of exercises is required to ensure maximum weakening of the effects of the identified types of interference.

This article deals with the problem of interference between two languages as Uzbek and English. The grammatical and lexical differences had been analyzed in the topic. Furthermore, positive and negative effects of interference on the language had been discussed.

В данной статье рассматриваются сложности, возникающие при изучении неродного языка под интерферирующим влиянием родного языка. В статье анализируются фонетическая, графическая и орфографическая, грамматическая (морфологическая и  синтаксическая),  лексико-семантическая и стилистическая интерференции.

The crime of interference in investigation or consideration of cases in court does not belong to the category of crimes that are committed in large numbers, however, criminologists call these crimes the most dangerous of crimes committed against justice today. It is argued that the reason may be that as a result of the commission of this category of crimes, not only the individual-society-state will suffer, but also the loss of citizens' trust in justice, a gross violation of the principle of independence of the courts.

This study is devoted to the concepts of interference and transference in the linguodidactic aspect. In the first part of the work, the author examines the main manifestations of interlingual and intralingual interference at different language levels, analyzes the opinions of methodologists on this issue.

This article examines two pivotal concepts in foreign language teaching: language interference and the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH). Language interference arises when a learner’s first language (L1) affects their acquisition of a second language (L2), often resulting in errors at phonological, grammatical, lexical, and morphological levels. The CAH, introduced in the mid-20th century, offers a framework for anticipating these errors by systematically comparing L1 and L2. While the strong form of the hypothesis asserts that all errors can be predicted through contrastive analysis, the weak form takes a more nuanced approach, acknowledging the influence of additional factors in language learning. This article explores the pedagogical implications of these concepts, emphasizing how contrastive analysis can enhance teaching practices through error correction, curriculum development, and fostering learner awareness. It also addresses the limitations of the CAH, underscoring the importance of integrating it with other methods to achieve a more holistic understanding of second language acquisition.

This article explores linguistic interference in second language acquisition, with a particular focus on the influence of the Karakalpak language on the English learning process. Linguistic interference refers to the impact of one's mother tongue on learning or using a second language, often resulting in errors in grammar, word choice, pronunciation, and comprehension. This study identifies and analyzes the most common types of mistakes made by Karakalpak speakers during their English language acquisition.

This article provides a comprehensive overview about radio receivers, focusing on their classification, operating principles and quality indicators. Radio receivers can be classified based on various criteria, including frequency range, modulation types, applications and etc. The operating principles are explored in detail, comprising the processes of signal reception, amplification, demodulation and others. In addition, key quality indicators such as sensitivity, selectivity, interference immunity are analyzed to evaluate performance and reliability of radio receivers. By understanding these aspects, users can make informed decisions when choosing radio receivers for a variety of applications, from personal use to professional broadcasting.

The development of communicative culture among future English language teachers plays a pivotal role in fostering effective language instruction and facilitating intercultural communication. Despite its significance, numerous challenges impede this developmental process, including linguistic interference, cultural misunderstandings, motivational deficits, and psychological barriers such as anxiety. This study critically examines these obstacles and proposes evidence-based strategies to overcome them. Employing qualitative content analysis of relevant literature alongside empirical observations from teacher training programs, the article highlights the importance of continuous professional development, intercultural competence training, and interactive pedagogical techniques. The findings underscore that a holistic approach integrating linguistic, cultural, and psychological dimensions is essential for nurturing communicative culture in language educators.

This article discusses the role and place of language contacts in the development of languages. In this regard, linguistic phenomena such as bilingualism and linguistic interference, which are part of the theory of linguistic contacts, are also highlighted. It is emphasized that the study of language contacts and their results can contribute to the study of the features of the structure of the language system itself.

This article examines how metaphorical polysemy—where a single metaphorical expression carries multiple interpretations—can serve as a catalyst for humor in multilingual and cross-cultural settings. Drawing upon theories of incongruity, benign violation, and language interference, the study illustrates how speakers and listeners negotiate overlapping meanings. Through qualitative analyses of everyday conversations, media texts, and focus group discussions, the paper demonstrates how the literal and figurative dimensions of polysemous expressions elicit laughter, confusion, or both. The multilingual context intensifies these effects, as differences in linguistic codes and cultural norms can lead to creative yet unintentional juxtapositions. The findings underscore the importance of embracing these moments of linguistic play in educational environments, translations, and broader communicative practice. The article ultimately highlights the pedagogical value in recognizing metaphorical polysemy not only as a linguistic phenomenon but also as a potent source of engagement and cultural insight.

The process under study is rather complicated. It requires taking into consideration the linguistic experience of students. In addition, this process should be based on the results ofthe comparative-contrastive analysis of the contacting languages: English and Russian (the Mother Tongue of the students). This phenomenon may be called an educational forming multilinguism of which interference and transference are characteristic features. In order to overcome the latter and to improve the educational process, comparative study of language phenomena is necessary. Having found out similar and dissimilar features in both languages the teacher will be able to optimize the learning process of the second language.

Present article is considered related to problems of teaching English as a second foreign language on the basis of the first language. The process under study is complex, and requires the accounting of the linguistic experience of students and supports for the comparative-comparative analysis of the languages in the educational process. This process can be called an emerging educational multilingualism, for which are characteristic of the interference and transfer.

This paper explores the role of first language (L1) transfer in the process of acquiring English as a second language (L2). Drawing on current theories and research in second language acquisition, the study examines both positive and negative aspects of language transfer. While L1 can facilitate learning through structural and lexical similarities, it can also hinder progress through interference and fossilization of errors. The paper discusses various types of transfer, including interlingual and intralingual, and highlights the cognitive, linguistic, and pedagogical factors that influence how L1 shapes L2 development. The findings suggest that a balanced and strategic use of the learner’s first language can support English acquisition, especially when integrated thoughtfully into teaching practices. Rather than viewing L1 influence as a barrier, this study argues for its potential as a valuable tool in fostering more effective and inclusive language learning environments.

By examining the similarities and differences between languages to improve second language acquisition (SLA), comparative linguistics is crucial in language education. Understanding these linguistic connections helps educators predict learning challenges, design effective teaching strategies, and improve students’ overall comprehension. This study examines how comparative linguistics contributes to SLA by focusing on grammar, pronunciation, and common learning difficulties. A qualitative analysis was conducted—incorporating error analysis of language learners’ spoken and written production, as well as surveys and interviews with language instructors. The results highlight specific areas where linguistic interference affects learning and demonstrate how targeted teaching methods can mitigate these difficulties. This paper argues that integrating comparative linguistic insights into language education can make instruction more efficient and tailored to learners’ needs.

Grammatical errors in speaking refer to deviations from the standard rules and conventions of a language that occur during oral communication. These errors can manifest in various forms, including incorrect verb tense usage, subject-verb agreement issues, misplacement of modifiers, improper word order, and misuse of pronouns, among others. Furthermore, grammatical errors in written language are pervasive and can significantly impact the clarity, professionalism, and credibility of communication. This article examines the various types of grammatical errors commonly encountered in written texts, including issues with syntax, verb tense, subject-verb agreement, punctuation, and usage. By analyzing these errors, the article identifies key factors contributing to their prevalence, such as educational background, native language interference, and the increasing reliance on digital communication platforms. The consequences of grammatical inaccuracies are explored, highlighting their potential to hinder comprehension, diminish the writer’s authority, and create misunderstandings. Furthermore, the article reviews effective strategies for reducing grammatical errors, including the use of grammar-checking tools, the importance of proofreading, and targeted educational interventions. By understanding the root causes and impacts of grammatical errors, as well as implementing practical corrective measures, writers can enhance the quality and precision of their written communication.

This research explores the challenges and strategies associated with improving listening comprehension among Grade 10 EFL learners in Uzbek secondary schools. Listening skills are essential for second-language acquisition, yet they are often the most neglected in classroom settings. The study identifies specific difficulties faced by Uzbek learners, including limited exposure to authentic listening materials, inadequate teaching methodologies, and linguistic interference from the native language. Employing an exploratory action research approach, the study investigates the efficacy of targeted interventions such as integrating technology, adapting authentic audio materials, and utilizing interactive teaching strategies. Findings reveal significant improvements in students’ listening comprehension skills, emphasizing the need for a pedagogical shift in teaching practices to enhance EFL listening proficiency.

This paper provides a critical review of LoRaWAN security architectures in Industrial IoT (IIoT) applications, analyzing its inherent mechanisms, vulnerabilities, and proposed enhancements. While LoRaWAN's features like AES-128 encryption and OTAA enable secure and efficient communication, challenges such as key reuse, denial-of-service attacks, and interference persist. Emerging solutions, including blockchain frameworks, FUOTA security measures, and machine learning-driven defenses, are explored to address these vulnerabilities. The study highlights the need for scalable, energy-efficient, and adaptive security approaches to ensure LoRaWAN’s continued effectiveness in evolving IIoT ecosystems.

Статья посвящена всестороннему анализу проблемы определения и классификации коррупционных преступлений в теории и правоприменительной практике. Автор указывает на отсутствие четкого юридического определения понятий «коррупция» и «коррупционное преступление» в законодательстве Узбекистана, что осложняет квалификацию преступлений. В работе представлены сравнительно-правовой анализ международных источников — Конвенции ООН против коррупции, Конвенции Совета Европы, модельных законов СНГ, а также опыта отдельных стран (в частности, Италии и Таджикистана). Предложена структурированная классификация коррупционных преступлений на основе правового статуса субъекта, характера объекта, степени общественной опасности и других критериев. Особое внимание уделяется обязательным элементам состава преступления — должностному положению, корыстному мотиву и прямому умыслу. Автор предлагает подход, при котором определение преступления как коррупционного должно основываться на анализе непосредственного объекта посягательства. Отдельно рассматриваются современные формы коррупции: лоббизм, протекционизм, непотизм, манипуляции с государственными ресурсами. В заключение обоснована необходимость унифицированной правовой классификации и включения в Уголовный кодекс Узбекистана четко обозначенного перечня коррупционных преступлений.

The concept of immunity of international organizations and their officials is an important aspect of international law. Immunity protects international organizations and their officials from legal processes in the host state and is necessary to ensure that international organizations can carry out their functions effectively and without interference.

Increasing the frequency of gallstone disease with choledocholithiasis and stricture distal choledoch a growing number of surgical interventions, including the use of new technologies. At the present level of development surgery, there are two basic ways endosurgical the treatment of this disease two-stage, comprising endoscopic papillo sphincterotomy before or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic stage in volume cholecystectomy in combination with interference on a common gall duct.