В данной статье анализируется становление и развитие современной узбекской научной школы суфиеведения. Подробно изучена научная деятельность профессора Наджмиддина Комилова, его основные труды в области суфиеведения и методология исследования. Определен неоценимый вклад ученого в изучение истории, философии и литературы суфизма в годы независимости Узбекистана. Также подробно освещены особенности школы суфиеведения Н. Комилова, принципы и методы исследования, научная деятельность его учеников и последователей. В статье указаны основные критерии деятельности ученого как основателя научной школы суфиеведения

In this article, an accomplished literary critic, navviist, mystic, translator and translation scholar, doctor of philological sciences, professor Najmiddin Komilov, famous representatives of Eastern Sufi literature, Farididdin Attar's "Mantiq ut-tayr", "Ilohiynoma", Husain Vaiz Koshifi's "Futuvvatnomai - Sultani", Sultan Valad's "Maarif", Aziziddin Nasafi's "Zubdat ul-Haqayiq" and Sayyid Muhammad Khatami's "From the History of Islamic Thought" translated from Persian into Uzbek by skillful translation, in general, scientific study and assessment of the scientist's translation activities, and the scientist's current problems of translation studies. His views on research are analyzed. The above-mentioned translator Najmiddin Komilov's works, translated from Persian to Uzbek, have a fluent language and a simple style, and the reader will have no difficulty in reading the translated work. In the article, the translator's "Translation skills of Muhammad Reza Ogahi" (candidacy thesis), "Khorazm school of translation (problems of typological and comparative research of the translation history of the 19th century)" (doctoral thesis), "This is an ancient art", "Caravans of thought" and the co-authored scientific research "Bridges of Friendship" and "Translator's Skills" were analyzed, about 20 literary translations from Persian by the famous poet, historian and translator M.R. Ogahi, Ogahi's translation skills, which stand in a high position in Uzbek translation studies The emergence, formation and development of Khorezm translation school, prominent representatives of Khorezm translation school. artistic translation and its poetic and prose forms, complex aspects and requirements of poetic translation, the importance of translation in studying the work of Hafiz and Goethe and other thinker poets of classical Eastern and Western literature, in general, N. Komilov's Uzbek translation studies Scientific opinions and views on current problems were studied. While referring to the history of Uzbek translation studies, translator Najmiddin Komilov provides information about the translation work of Abu Rayhan Beruni, a great encyclopedist, a representative of Eastern Renaissance culture, who made a great contribution to the development of the Khorezm translation school. According to the translator, A. Beruni knew several languages ​​such as Arabic (Syriac), Greek, Indian (Sanskrit), Jewish (Hebrew), Persian and Turkish and was recognized as a skilled translator and a clever translator of his time. The studies of the hard-working scientist on the development of Uzbek translation studies are distinguished by their richness in literary-aesthetic, philosophical-logical thinking. In the conditions of today's globalization, translation and translation studies have an important role in the development of science in Uzbekistan, since translations lead humanity to progress and raise world civilization.

This thesis examines the evolution of modern linguistics, literary studies, and translation studies, focusing on key achievements, ongoing challenges, and potential solutions in these interrelated fields. It explores the historical development of linguistic theories, from structuralism to poststructuralism, and how these frameworks have influenced literary analysis and translation practices. Additionally, the thesis investigates the growing significance of interdisciplinary approaches that bridge the gap between linguistics, literary criticism, and translation theory. It also highlights current issues, such as the complexities of meaning transfer, cultural nuances in translation, and the impact of globalization on language diversity.

Maqolada “sharqshunoslik” tushunchasining kelib chiqishi va rivojlanishi yoritiladi. Yunon va Rim davrlaridan boshlab, sharqqa bo‘lgan ilmiy qiziqishning bosqichlari, yunon tarixchilari – Gerodot, Ksenofont, va Rim tarixchilari – Titus Livius, Tatsit kabi mualliflarning Sharq haqidagi qarashlari tahlil etiladi. Shuningdek, O‘rta asrlarda arab-islom madaniyatining rivojlanishi, Toledo tarjimonlik maktabining roli va keyinchalik nemis sharqshunoslari tomonidan olib borilgan ilmiy izlanishlar tahlil qilinadi. Maqola Germaniyada arabshunoslik maktabining shakllanishiga alohida e’tibor qaratadi.

Background: Trace elements such as copper, zinc, magnesium, etc. are the minerals present in living tissues in small concentrations, which primarily act as catalysts in the enzyme system. Literature has indicated the role and alteration of trace elements in viral infections. However, the role of trace elements in SARS-CoV-2 infection is unclear so far. Aim: The aim of the study was to perform a systematic review to find out the role of trace elements in SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on trace elements. Material and Method: The relevant studies were searched in PubMed and clinical trial websites, and screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of studies was assessed using NIH quality assessment tools. Results: A total of 19 studies were found relevant after screening 23,570 studies. The level of zinc was found to be decreased, the level of magnesium was found to be altered, and the level of copper was found to be increased after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: Thus, supplementation of a particular trace element can be useful as an add-on therapy for COVID-19 infection. Further, more studies are required to find out the exact role of these elements in COVID-19 infection.

Linguopoetic analysis is an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of linguistics and literary studies that focuses on understanding how language shapes and structures literary texts. As an aspect of national theoretical literary studies, linguopoetic analysis offers valuable insights into the ways language reflects cultural identities, historical contexts, and societal norms. This article explores the key issues in linguopoetic analysis, particularly within the framework of national literary traditions, highlighting its significance in understanding the unique features of national literatures. By examining linguistic features such as phonology, syntax, semantics, and stylistic devices, this study offers a comparative perspective on how national literary identities are constructed through language. The research also identifies challenges and opportunities for integrating linguopoetic analysis into contemporary literary studies. The paper concludes with suggestions on how linguopoetic analysis can contribute to the development of national literary theories and provide deeper insights into the cultural dimensions of literature.

This article is aimed at studying the basics of philological research. Important aspects of scientific research in the field of philology, linguistics, literary studies and cultural studies are presented. The article examines the interrelationships between various branches of philology, methodological approaches, research methods and scientific developments. A deep study of the basics of philological research will help students and researchers better understand the theoretical and practical aspects of the field. The article also presents ideas about the modern development directions of philological science, the interaction of language and culture, and the need to use new methods in literary studies

Translation studies` has gradually evolved into an independent field, and translation criticism plays a significant role within this field. In other words, developing a comprehensive theoretical framework for translation studies is closely tied to the examination of translation criticism. This scientific article aims to explore the different ways in which translation criticism influences the field of translation studies. It begins with the definition of translation criticism, then continues with analyzes of its steps, functions, principles, and further developments. In this article the various translation criticism approaches, and their suitability issues are also examined.

This article explores the specificity of interpreting language and cultural facts in the field of linguocultural studies, which encompasses linguoculturology and linguoculturography. Linguocultural studies emphasizes the inseparable relationship between language and culture, recognizing that they mutually influence and shape each other. Linguoculturology examines the theoretical aspects of this relationship, while linguoculturography focuses on the practical analysis of language and cultural phenomena. The interpretation of language and cultural facts in linguocultural studies is characterized by its context-dependent and culturally specific nature. It recognizes that meanings and interpretations are influenced by cultural frameworks, social structures, and historical contexts. This article highlights the importance of understanding cultural nuances and appreciating the specific cultural context in which language and cultural facts occur. It explores the implications of this specificity in various areas, such as intercultural communication, language education, and cultural preservation. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how language and culture intersect and shape our diverse human experiences.

Modern English theoretical literary studies have undergone significant transformation, with numerous frameworks emerging to analyze literary texts through diverse perspectives. One of the foundational works that shaped modern literary theory is the concept of literary theory articulated by René Wellek and Austin Warren in their seminal book Theory of Literature. This aticle examines the modern principles of English literary studies, focusing on their evolution and the role of linguopoetic analysis. It draws specifically from the theoretical approaches developed by Wellek and Warren, exploring their understanding of literature, language, and the intersection between literary theory and linguistics. The research further investigates how linguopoetic analysis, grounded in linguistic structures, plays a critical role in interpreting literary works. The discussion highlights the continuing relevance of Wellek and Warren’s ideas in contemporary literary theory, particularly in their emphasis on form, function, and the symbiotic relationship between language and aesthetics.

This article informs readers about linguistics and its correlation with other scientific subjects. It delves into the intricate interplay between linguistics and literary studies, unravelling the multifaceted connections that exist between these two disciplines. Linguistics, as the scientific study of language, serves as a foundational framework for understanding the structure, evolution, and cultural nuances inherent in human communication. This paper explores the symbiotic relationship between linguistics and literary studies, shedding light on the unique dynamics that emerge when these fields intersect.

The article emphasizes the importance of critical thinking in social studies education, highlighting its role in analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information to understand complex societal issues. It argues that fostering critical thinking skills in students not only enables them to become informed citizens but also promotes empathy, tolerance, and inclusivity. However, the article also acknowledges challenges such as curriculum constraints, lack of resources, and teacher preparedness, which hinder effective integration of critical thinking in social studies education.

This article aims to study a section of literary history that studies international literary connections and relations, and the similarities and differences between literary and artistic phenomena in different countries. The subject of the study often overlaps with translation studies.

Наследственные генетические заболевания вызваны наследственными мутациями, но факторы окружающей среды могут существенно влиять на их возникновение, тяжесть и прогрессирование. Понимание взаимодействия между генетикой и воздействием окружающей среды имеет решающее значение для разработки профилактических стратегий и персонализированного лечения. В этой статье обсуждаются различные методы, используемые для изучения влияния факторов окружающей среды на генетические заболевания, включая эпидемиологические исследования, исследования близнецов, полногеномные исследования ассоциаций (GWAS), эпигенетические исследования и модели на животных. Каждый метод дает уникальную информацию о взаимодействии генов и окружающей среды, способствуя более широкому пониманию механизмов заболеваний.

Другое исследование обновляет более поздние исследования социальных детерминант и кариеса у взрослых без указания года публикации и языковых требований. Эти исследования включают новые результаты, комментарии и критику в итеративном процессе, расширяя текущие научные знания по этому предмету. Новые исследования могут предоставить важные данные для обзора. Это следует ценить больше, чем просто изменение результата. Таким образом, процесс обновления бесполезен, когда изменяется только основной результат, однако он полезен, когда он также сохраняет достоверность предыдущих исследований. Целью этого исследования было обновление предыдущего систематического обзора, а также проведение метаанализа и метарегрессии подгрупп для оценки влияния модификации социально-экономических показателей на кариес зубов у взрослых. Гипотеза заключалась в том, что кариесом больше страдают взрослые с худшими социально-экономическими показателями.

This article discusses the study of myths in world folklore studies. The relation to the scientific research works on the inclusion of the myth in the artistic thinking of humanity, its expression in rituals and everyday life, and its inclusion in written literature is reported. Conclusions have been made regarding the principles of studying myths in Uzbek folklore studies. It has been analyzed that in the last century in Uzbek folklore, there were some controversial opinions about the connection of myths to folklore, and the opinions raised were mainly aimed at debating how the myth appears in the literary text. Also, in the article, the diffusion of myth in the genres of fairy tales and legends, the study of mythological images, the relationship between myth and written literature, myth and ritual folklore, and the theoretical conclusions obtained in the researches are studied in the article. In the article, the author pays serious attention to the monographic research of myths in Uzbek folklore by the scientific community. Acknowledging the services of Russian scientists in the study of myths, it focuses on the analysis of studies devoted to the study of myths in the development of the science of world folklore. In the article, the oral prose sample of myths in Uzbek folklore studies is based on the fact that it is a separate independent genre of folklore, and it is necessary to study it on a systematic monographic basis.

In this section of the chapter, we examine research that has attempted language teaching and learning. However, this is no straightforward task. The fundamental aims in research studies can vary significantly. To understand this difference, Ware and Hellmich draw a helpful distinction between learning technologies studies that focus on learning focused studies attempt to identify to what extent technologies might outcomes and studies that focus on learning opportunities.

This research on Portland cement includes research on the application of a new method of mixing colloidal nano-silica. Previous studies used powdered nano-silica or colloidal nano-silica and applied binder weight replacement based on methods and processes. In this study, we tried to use ordinary portland cement as binder and replace colloidal nano-silica and observed the process studies and we determined the changes based on the possibilities of comparison with the weight of mixed water.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the social, political, and cultural reactions of both the local population and the ruling classes in Central Asia to the modernization and reform processes within Muslim society in the early 20th century. Set against a backdrop of colonial intervention, declining imperial power, and the global surge of modernity, the study explores how various social strata—particularly the traditional elites and common people—perceived and responded to efforts at renewal.

This article critically examines the inherent cultural and ideological dimensions involved in terminology translation, particularly addressing metaphorical, politically sensitive, and culture-specific terms. Through comprehensive analysis and illustrative case studies across educational, political, and social contexts, it highlights adaptive translation strategies that balance conceptual precision and cultural appropriateness. The theoretical framework draws upon translation theory (Venuti, 1995; Newmark, 1988), terminology science (Sager, 1990; Cabré, 1999), and cultural studies (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) to outline strategies suited to post-colonial and post-Soviet settings. Ethical implications and the translator's role as a cultural mediator are emphasized, providing practical recommendations and identifying future research directions in the fields of terminology, translation studies, and intercultural communication.

Successful introduction of new medicines into clinical practice presupposes the proven safety of their use. For this purpose, it is important to conduct preclinical pilot studies. Scientific methods are used to assess and prove the safety of drugs, as a requisite for the use of new drugs created for the first time in humans is previous conduct of toxicological studies on laboratory animals. One of the necessary toxicological studies is the study of allergizing activity

This article analyzes the concept of the flower from the perspective of linguocultural studies. It explores how the image of the flower is expressed in the languages of different nations, its role in national mentality and cultural values, and its symbolic and poetic meanings. During the research, phraseological expressions, metaphors, and folklore samples related to flowers in various languages are examined to identify the universal and national characteristics of the concept. The findings highlight the interconnection between language and culture and demonstrate the importance of conceptual analysis within the field of linguocultural studies.

This study examines how corpus tools, when combined with artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced features, can improve the teaching and learning of English collocations in EFL/ESL settings. Drawing on data from previous empirical research—including quasi experimental studies comparing corpus based/data driven learning (DDL) with traditional methods—this paper analyses outcomes in recognition, production, retention, and learner attitudes. Results show that corpus based instruction, especially when AI assisted (for example, in automatic collocation extraction, contextual feedback, or adaptive tasks), leads to significantly higher gains in collocation production and recognition compared to control groups taught by traditional methods. Learners also report positive attitudes toward corpus tools, citing increased awareness of natural usage, greater autonomy, and improvement in writing accuracy. A comparative table is provided to illustrate effect sizes from selected studies. The paper concludes with pedagogical implications for integrating corpus tools with AI features, and recommendations for teacher training and classroom implementation

В статье представлен сравнительный анализ данных численных исследований напряженно-деформированного состояния упругих стержней люлечного подвешивания кузовной части электровоза ВЛ-80с с данными натурных экспериментальных исследований, проведенных в АО "Узбекистон темир йуллари."

This article delves into the main directions of linguocultural research in linguistics, a rapidly growing field that examines the interplay between language and culture. As linguistic anthropology gained momentum at the end of the 20th century, a shift in focus occurred toward understanding how language reflects and influences culture. The article outlines key areas such as ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics, and linguoculturology, highlighting their role in the analysis of cultural phenomena through language. It discusses the theoretical foundations of these fields, the methodologies used, and their relevance in modern linguistic studies. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges and future directions for research in this interdisciplinary domain, including its integration with cognitive sciences and cultural studies.